ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื

ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืžื’ื™ืข ืœื”ื ืžืชื•ืง ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืง ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ. ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ืจืš ื›ื–ื”: ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืžืชื›ื ืกืช, ื—ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ืกืคื™ื ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืฉืชื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืืคืงื˜ โ€œื•ื•ืื•โ€ ืžื™ื“ื™, ืžืฉืœื‘ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืœืฉืœืžื•ืช ืงื•ืœื™ื ืจื™ืช, ื•ืžืชืื™ืžื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื”โ€”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื–ื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืคืชืขื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“ ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื‘ืื•ืœื.

ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื ืขื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืคืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื, ืงืจืžื™ ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ืื• ืžื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื ืžืกื™ื ื‘ืคื”, ืขื ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”, ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืงื•ืจืžืœ. ื”ืงืกื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื”ืชืืžื” ื”ืื™ืฉื™ืช: ืกืคืจื” ืื—ืช ื›ื•ืœื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ืช ื•ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช; ืื• ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื ื•ื›ืจื•ืžื˜ื™ ื•ืจื•ื“, ืื“ื•ื ืื• ืกื’ืœื’ืœ; ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืขื” ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ื” ืขื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื.

ืื– ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ืขื, ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ? ื”ื ื” ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืฉืœื ืฉื™ืœื•ื•ื” ืืชื›ื ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืขื“ ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸโ€”ืขื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืจืื” ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืœืงืฆื™ื”.

ืขื•ื’ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื 50 โ€“ ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื›ื?

ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ื‘ืฉื ื™ ืฆื™ืจื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื: ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื•ื”ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™. ืžื›ืืŸ, ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืชืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื›ื•ืœื”โ€”ืžื”ืžืจืงื ื•ืขื“ ืฆื™ืœื•ื ื”ืคืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžื ืฆื—.

ื‘ืฆืง ืคืจื™ืš ืฉืงื“ื™ื โ€“ ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื”ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ืช

ืœื‘ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืจืื ืฅโ€™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื ืงื™ื™ื ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉืœ ื‘ืฆืง ืคืจื™ืš ืฉืงื“ื™ื. ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืชื™ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืืจื˜ ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื”ืžืžื•ืœืื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื‘-ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ืงืœื™ืœ ื•ืžืขื˜ ืžืชืงืชืงโ€”ื›ื–ื” ืฉืžืื–ืŸ ื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืœืจืขื ื ื•ืช. ืžืขืœ ื”ืงืจื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ:

  • ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื” ื˜ืจื™ื™ื ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื: ืงื™ื•ื•ื™, ืชื•ืชื™ื, ืื ื ืก, ืžื ื’ื•, ืคืคืื™ื”, ื ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื”, ืฉื–ื™ืคื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื™ืฆ'ื™, ืขื ื‘ื™ื ื•ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื” ื•ืงืจืžื‘ื•ืœื”.
  • ืขื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™: ืคืจืœื™ื ื™ื, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•-ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืื• ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“ ืœื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™.
  • ื—ืฆื™-ื—ืฆื™: ืกืคืจื” ืื—ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ืชโ€”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื—ืžืื•ืช ื•ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื•ืจื— ื™ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืก ืฉืœื•.

ื™ืฉ ื’ื ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืขื ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช: ื•ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืงื•ืจืžืœ, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืžื ื˜ ืื™ืฉื™ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ืœืฆื“ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื—ืจื™ืโ€”ืœืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ื˜ืืฅโ€™ ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื•ืžืคืชื™ืข.

ืžื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ โ€“ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื ืžืกื” ื‘ืคื”

ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื ืžืกื•ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช, ื™ืื”ื‘ ืืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืก:

  • ืžื•ืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘ ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื, ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•-ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’.
  • ืžื•ืก ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืงืจืžื™, ืขื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื•ืžื’ืข ื‘ื™ืช-ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืฉืžืขืœื” ื—ื™ื•ืš.
  • ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืœื“ โ€“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื” (ืœื‘ืŸ, ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืžืจื™ืจ), ืžืฆื•ืคื•ืช ื‘-ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ื•ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืงืจืื ืฆ'ื™ื™ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”.

ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืก ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืขืจื‘ื™ ื—ื•ืจืฃ, ืื• ื›ืฉืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจืื” ื ืงื™, ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™-ืขื“-ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื.

ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื” ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“: ืžื” ืžืชืื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื›ื?

ื”ื“ื™ืœืžื” ื”ืงืœืืกื™ืชโ€”ื•ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”? ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื›ื™ืฃ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื’ื ื•ื’ื.

  • ืกืคืจื” ืื—ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ืช, ืžืชืคืจืฆืช ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืจืขื ื ื•ืช: ืงื™ื•ื•ื™ ื™ืจื•ืง, ืžื ื’ื• ื›ืชื•ื, ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื” ืขื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ืฉื—ื•ืจื•ืช, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“.
  • ืกืคืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ืช ืขืฉื™ืจื”: ื‘ืœื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื’ื™ื•ืช, ื’ื ืืฉ ื–ื•ืจื, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•-ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’.
ื˜ื™ืค: ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืงื™ืฆื™ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื›ื™ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื™ื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื›ื‘ื“ื•ืช; ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ ืขืจื‘ ืžืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ืื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจืฃโ€”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื™ื™ืฆืจื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืžืคื ืงืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืงืช.

ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื: ื•ืจื•ื“, ืื“ื•ื, ืกื’ืœื’ืœ ืื• ืงืœืืกื™-ื ื™ื˜ืจืœื™

ืงืฉืช ืจื—ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ื™ื ืžื—ื›ื” ืœื›ื:

  • ื•ืจื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœื•: ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื•ืจื•ื“, ืคืจื—ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืจื•ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸโ€”ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืจื›ื” ื•ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืช.
  • ืกื’ืœื’ืœ ืื• ืกื’ื•ืœ-ืขืžื•ืง: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœื™ื, ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืงื•ืจืžืœ, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’โ€”ื’ืœืื ืืžื™ืชื™.
  • ืื“ื•ื ื—ื™: ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื›ื”ื”โ€”ื“ืจืžื” ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
  • ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™-ื˜ื‘ืขื™: ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ืคืจื—ื™ ืงืฆืคืช ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื, ืคืจืœื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ ืฉืžืคื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘.

ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ ื•ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข

ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืžืชืงื“ืžื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืกื•ืคื™ื•ืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœืฉืื•ืœ:

  • ืื™ืคื” ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื? ื‘ื™ืช, ืžืฉืจื“, ื’ื™ื ื” ืื• ืื•ืœื?
  • ืžื” ื’ื™ืœืื™ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื? ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ื‘ืœื‘ื“ ืื• ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืขื ื™ืœื“ื™ื?
  • ืžื” ื”ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจื” ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจืช? ืฆืจื™ืš ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ื—ื•ื ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื—ืกื™ืช?
  • ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ: ื•ื•ืื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™, ืขื•ืฉืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืื• ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืœ?

ื”ืขืจื›ืช ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื ื•ืช

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขืจื™ืš ื’ื•ื“ืœ:

  • ืฉืชื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืžืœืื•ืช ืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœ-20โ€“35 ืกื•ืขื“ื™ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืกื•ืช.
  • ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉืœื‘ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื‘ื™ืก ื‘ืฆื“โ€”ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืื• ื˜ืืจื˜ืœื˜ื™ืโ€”ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื™ื˜ืขื.
  • ืื ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื โ€œื˜ืงืก ื ืจื•ืชโ€, ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ื ืœื ืจื•ืช ื“ืงื™ื ืื• ืœืกืคืจื•ืช ื ืจื•ืชโ€”ื•ื”ื’ื“ื™ืœื• ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืฉื˜ื— ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ.
ื˜ื™ืค: ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื” ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืฉื™ื— ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืš ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ืชื ื•ืขื”/ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืžื•ืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื‘ื•ืข-ืžื™ืงื•ื ื•ืžืžื•ื–ื’.

ื˜ื•ื•ื—ื™ ืžื—ื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฉื™ืงื•ืœื™ ืชืงืฆื™ื‘

ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ?

  • ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช ื•ืขื•ื‘ื™ ื”ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช.
  • ืกื•ื’ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก: ื‘ืฆืง ืคืจื™ืš ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืžืช ืžื•ืกื™ื ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืืฉ.
  • ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื: ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื™ื“, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™ื™ื, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช.
  • ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืฆื‘ืข ื™ื“ื ื™ืช ืื• ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ (ื•ืจื•ื“-ื›ื•ืœื•, ืกื’ืœื’ืœ ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™, ืื“ื•ื-ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™).
  • ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™ ืืจื•ืš, ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ื“ืคืกื™ื, ืื• ืฆืจื›ื™ ืืจื™ื–ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
ื˜ื™ืค ืชืงืฆื™ื‘: ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ โ€œืกืคืจื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช + ืกืคืจื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“โ€ ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ื”ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืžืกื’ืจืชโ€”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื” ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžืฉืชืœืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืจืœื™ื ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื.

ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช

ืœืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช:

  • ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœืœืงื˜ื•ื–: ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงืจื ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื ืœืœื ื—ืœื‘, ืื• ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื•ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉืžื ืชื™. ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ื–ืืช ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื”ื–ืžื ื”.
  • ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ: ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื•ืก ื•ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื’ื ืืฉ ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ืžื•ืชืืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืชื—ืชื™ืช ื—ืœื•ืคื™ืช. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
  • ืจืžื•ืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช: ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ ื•ืœืงื–ื– ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื-ืžืชื•ืงื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืคืกื™ืคืœื•ืจื”, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™, ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื), ืื• ืœืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืฆื“ ืชื•ืชื™ื ื•ืจืขื ื ื•ืช.
ื˜ื™ืค: ืื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ (ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช) ื•ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื.
ื˜ื™ืค ื”ืฉืจืื”: ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’/ืชโ€”ื˜ื™ื•ืœื™ื, ื™ื™ืŸ, ืกืคื•ืจื˜ ืื• ื’ื™ื ื•ืŸโ€”ื•ื‘ื—ืจื• ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžืกืคืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช.

ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื–ืžื ื” ืžื•ืฆืœื—ืช

  • ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ: ืจืฆื•ื™ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ 72โ€“48 ืฉืขื•ืช ืžืจืืฉ (ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ื”โ€”ืžื•ืงื“ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ), ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืื ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฆื‘ืข, ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ืืจื•ื›ื” ืื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื.
  • ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™: ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ 15โ€“25 ืชื•ื•ื™ื ืœื ืจืื•ืช ื ืงื™ื™ื”. ืžื™ืœื™ื ืงืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืงืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื ืจืื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘.
  • ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”: ืงืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื™ื—, ืžืฉื˜ื— ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืžืงืจืจ ืจื›ื‘. ื‘ืงื™ืฅโ€”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืื™ืกื•ืฃ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ืงืจื™ืจื•ืช. ืžืจื—ืง ื ืกื™ืขื” ืืจื•ืš? ืฉืงืœื• ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™.
  • ืื—ืกื•ืŸ: ืžืงืจืจ ื‘-4โ€“6ยฐC, ืœื ืžืงืคื™ื. ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• 20โ€“30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ื.
  • ืฆื™ืœื•ื: ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืœื™ื“ ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ (ืžืคื™ืช, ื‘ืœื•ืŸ, ื–ืจ ืคืจื—ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ) ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
  • ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื: ืœื™ื“ ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืงืขืจืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ืžื’ืฉ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ืื• ืงื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸโ€”ื–ื” ื’ื ื™ืคื” ื•ื’ื ืคื•ืชืจ โ€œืชื•ืจื™ืโ€ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืขื•ื’ื”.

ืžื“ืจื™ืš ืžื”ื™ืจ ืœื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืœื›ื

  1. ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜: ืจืขื ืŸ-ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™-ืขืžื•ืง, ืื• ื—ืฆื™-ื—ืฆื™.
  2. ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืก: ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืš ืื• ืžื•ืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
  3. ืงืจื: ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืื• ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ื’ื ืืฉ/ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืžืจืื” ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.
  4. ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื: ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ, ืคืจืœื™ื ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื.
  5. ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช: ื•ืจื•ื“/ืกื’ืœื’ืœ/ืื“ื•ื, ืื• ื˜ื‘ืขื™-ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ืฉืžืคื ื™ื” ื•ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
  6. ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ื•ืช: ื•ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืงื•ืจืžืœ, ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืง ื•ื™ืกืงื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
  7. ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘: ื‘ืจื›ื• ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื•ืช.
  8. ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ/ืœืงื˜ื•ื– ืžืจืืฉ.
  9. ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”: ื–ืžืŸ ืืกืคืงื”, ืื—ืกื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื•ืชื–ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื’ืฉื”.
  10. ืชืงืฆื™ื‘: ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื•โ€ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ืโ€ ืœืขื•ืžืช โ€œื ื—ืžื“ ืฉื™ื”ื™ื”โ€.
ื˜ื™ืค: ืกืคืจื” ืื—ืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืกืคืจื” ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ื ื”ื“ืจืช ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืงื”ืœื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช.

ื˜ืขื™ืžื” ืžื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืžื” ืžื—ื›ื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืก

  • ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื”: ืงืจืžื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื”, ื•ื ื™ืœ ืืžื™ืชื™, ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืžืื•ื–ื ืช ืฉืžื“ื’ื™ืฉื” ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื•ืœื โ€œืžื›ืกื”โ€ ืขืœื™ื”ื.
  • ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘ ืขื ื’ื ืืฉ: ื’ื•ืฃ ืขื’ื•ืœ ื•ืžืœื˜ืฃ, ืขื ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืคื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืฉืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืจืงื.
  • ื˜ืจื™ืงื•ืœื“: ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจโ€”ืœื‘ืŸ ืžืชืงืชืง, ื—ืœื‘ ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ ื•ืžืจื™ืจ ืžืขืžื™ืงโ€”ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืงืจืื ืฅโ€™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืžืขืœ.
  • ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”: ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช, ื—ืžืฆืžืฆื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื” ื•ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ืชโ€”ืžื ื’ื•, ืงื™ื•ื•ื™, ืจื™ืžื•ื ื™ื, ืชื•ืชื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื, ืœื™ืฆโ€™ื™ ื•ืขื•ื“.
  • ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื: ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืจื›ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ื ืžืกื•ืช, ื’ืœื™ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืงืจืื ืฆโ€™ื™ื•ืช, ื•ื•ืคืœ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืœืกื™ื•ื ืฉื•ื‘ื‘.
ื˜ื™ืค ืœื”ืชืืžืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืื ื‘ื—ืจืชื ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ ืขืžื•ืง, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžื•ืฆื™ื-ืžืชื•ืงื™ื (ืคืกื™ืคืœื•ืจื”, ืจื™ืžื•ืŸ) ื™ืื–ื ื• ื ื”ื“ืจ; ืœื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ื ื™ืœื™โ€”ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืžืชืงืชืงื™ื ื›ืžื• ืžื ื’ื• ื•ื ืงื˜ืจื™ื ื” ื™ื“ื’ื™ืฉื• ืืช ื”ืงืจืžื™ื•ืช.

ืจื’ืฉ, ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช

ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื˜ืขืโ€”ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคื•ืจ. ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืงืฆืจ ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื•ืช, ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืชื—ื‘ื™ื‘ ื™ืฉืŸ, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื™ืœื“ื•ืช (ืœื™ืฆโ€™ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื™ืฅ, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ), ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ืกืคื•ืจื˜โ€”ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืชืžื•ื ืช ืืœื‘ื•ื ื—ื“ืฉื”. ืืœ ืชืคื—ื“ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’/ืช ืืœ ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ืžื”: ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื”, ืžื™ืœื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืื• ืืœืžื ื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžืกืžืŸ ืืชื›ืโ€”ืืœื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ืŸ โ€œื™ืคื”โ€ ืœโ€ืžืจื’ืฉโ€.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืจืฆื•ื™ 72โ€“48 ืฉืขื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”ืขื•ื ื”โ€”ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช ื“ื•ืจืฉื•ืช ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื›ื ื”.

  • ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ?

ื‘ืžืงืจืจ 4โ€“6ยฐC, ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžืืจื– ืกื’ื•ืจ. ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื 20โ€“30 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื”.

  • ืื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขื“ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื”?

ื›ืŸโ€”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืžืฆืžืฆื™ื ืชื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชื•ืฆืื” ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืชื•ืงื”.

  • ื”ืื ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืจืžืช ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช?

ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืžืจืืฉ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืืคืฉืจื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ; ื ื™ืชืŸ ื’ื ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืœืœื ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืงื• ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ.

  • ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ื™ื•ืช?

ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ ืžืชืื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื. ืื ื™ืฉ ืงื”ืœ ืจื‘, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืœ ืื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืžื’ืฉื™ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื.

  • ืžื” ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืกืคืจื•ืช ืžื•ืžืœืฅ?

ืžื•ืžืœืฅ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืงืฆืจ ื•ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืœื”ืขืžื™ืก ืขืœ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘.

  • ืืคืฉืจ ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืืจื•ืš?

ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ืกื™ืก ื™ืฆื™ื‘ (ื›ืžื• ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืš), ื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœื• ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืžืžื•ื–ื’, ื•ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืžื”ืจื’ืข ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืžืžื•ื–ื’.

  • ืื™ืš ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื—ื•ื?

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื›ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืจื’ืข ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื

ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ืฉืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœื›ื: ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืฆืง ืฉืงื“ื™ื ืคืจื™ืš ืขื ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื” ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื; ืื• ืžื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ืขื ื’ื ืืฉ, ื˜ื™ืคื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื โ€œื•ื•ืื•โ€ ืžื›ืœ ื–ื•ื•ื™ืช. ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืงื”ืœ, ืžื–ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ, ื”ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืžืชื™ืงื•ืชโ€”ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื“ื ืฉื‘ืžืจื›ื–. ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงืช, ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืื• ืคื•ืคืงื•ืจืŸ ืžืงื•ืจืžืœโ€”ืืœื” ื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ืœื˜ืขื.

ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืชื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืโ€”ื˜ืขื, ื ืจืื•ืช ืื• ืฉื ื™ื”ื ื™ื—ื“โ€”ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืงืœ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื•ื’ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื 50 ืฉืชื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืฉื›ื—ืช.