ืขื•ื’ืช ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช - ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘ื™

ืขื•ื’ืช ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืคืจื—ื•ื ื™ืช - ื‘ื™ืกืงื•ื•ื™ื˜ื™ื ืขืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืขื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ื•ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘ื™

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื”: ื”ืžื“ืจื™ืš ื”ืžืœื ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืžืกื™ื™ืžื™ื ื›ืœ ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื—ื™ื•ืš

ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“ ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ืืจื•ื—ื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืื•ืจ ืงื˜ื ื”: ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื–ื• ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืืช ื›ื•ืœื ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืคื•ืชื—ืช ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช. ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ืœื ืจืง ื˜ืขื ืžืชื•ืง โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืœืžื” ืฉื—ื•ืชืžืช ืืช ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ, ืžืกืคืจืช ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ื”ืื”ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช. ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื›ืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืืจื•ื—ื” ืœื™ืฆื™ืจื” ืขื ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช: ื‘ืกื™ืก ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืจืš ื•ื ื™ืžื•ื—, ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืžืจื’ืฉืช ืขื ืงืจื ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืžืคื ืงื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื” ื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” ืฉืžื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช ื•ืขืกื™ืกื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื•ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ื‘ืชื•ืกืคืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืขื•ื ื”, ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ื“ืคื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช ืฉืžืกืคืจื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื’ื’.

ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื” ื–ื• ื ืฆืœื•ืœ ืœืขื•ืžืง ืขื•ืœื ื”ื”ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื: ืžื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ืื™ืš ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื’ื™ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื, ืื™ืœื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”, ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื“ืขืช ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช, ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืื™ืฉื™, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช, ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื”. ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื’ื ืขืœ ื”ืชืืžืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ (ืœืžืฉืœ ื˜ืจื ื“ื™ื ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืื•ืจืื•, ืงื™ื ื“ืจ ืื• ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก), ื•ื ืฆื™ืข ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืื™ื ื’ื ืœืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช, ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœืขืกืง ื—ื“ืฉ, ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”, ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื’ืŸ, ืื• ืžืคื’ืฉ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืฉื‘ื•ืข.

ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” โ€“ ืœืžื” ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ื•ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆืœื—ืช ืžืชื•ืงื”

ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ื•ื ืืจื•ื—ื”, ืขื•ืœื” ืžื™ื™ื“ ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื ืขื™ืžื•ืช. ื–ื” ืœื ืจืง ืกื•ื›ืจ; ื–ื• ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืจื’ืข. ื”ืžืชื•ืง "ืžืขื’ืœ" ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”, ืžืกืžืŸ ืœืžื•ื— ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื, ืื‘ืœ ื’ื ืคื•ืชื— ืžืงื•ื ืœ"ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืื—ืช ืื—ืจื•ื ื”": ืขื•ื“ ืชืžื•ื ื” ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ืช, ืขื•ื“ ื—ื™ื•ืš ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื” ืขื ืฉืคื ืงืฆืคืช, ืขื•ื“ ืœื—ื™ืฉื” ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ "ืชื ืกื• ื’ื ืืช ื–ื”". ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ ื”ื•ื ืืงื˜ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื˜ืขื ืžื•ื›ืจ ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”-ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื โ€“ ืื• ืœื”ืชืจื’ืฉ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืžื˜ืขืžื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™ ืขืžื•ืง ืขื ืงืจืžืœ ืžืœื•ื— ื•ืžืจืงืžื™ ืงืจืื ืฅ'. ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืžืœื™, ืœืžืฉืœ ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืžืกื” ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื• ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืœื—ืชืŸ ื•ื›ืœื”, ืื• ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ โ€“ ืœื‘ ืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ืก ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.

ื‘ืจืžื” ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช, ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืžื™ื™ืฆืจ ื’ืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืงืกื™ื•ืช ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื•ืช: ืžืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงืคื“ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘, ื•ืžืฆื“ ืฉื ื™ ืจื’ืข ืฉืœ ืกืคื•ื ื˜ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื” ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• ื›ื•ืก ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืก ืื• ืคืจื•ืกืช ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืขื ืชื•ืช ื˜ืจื™. ื”ื•ื ื’ื ืžืืคืฉืจ ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื• โ€“ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืงืื• ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™, ืžื™ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืงืจื ื•ื ื™ืœ ืื• ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื•ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ืคืฉ ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืื• ื—ืžืฆืžืฆื•ืช ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.

ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื:

  • ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช ืœืจืขื ื ื•ืช (ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœืฉืœื‘ ืงืจืžื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืฆื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ืื• ื”ื“ืจื™ื).
  • ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืจืงืžื™ื: ืจืš, ืงืจืžื™, ืคืจื™ืš ื•ืงืจืื ืฆ'ื™ ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
  • ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ื˜ืขื ืœืขื•ื ื”: ืžื ื’ื• ื•ืคืกื™ืคืœื•ืจื” ื‘ืงื™ืฅ, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื—ืžื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืจืฃ.
  • ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืงื”ืœ ื”ื™ืขื“: ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” ื’ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ืื• ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘.

ื›ืฉื”ืžื›ืœื•ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืžืฉืื™ืจ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืžืžืฉื™ืš ืื™ืชื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืกื•ื“ืจ.

ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœื˜ืขื:

ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื™ื: ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืžืจืงืžื™ื ื•ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื ืฆื—ื•ืช

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฆืœื— ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžื™ื ื™-ืชืขืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ืขื ื•ืฆื‘ืข. ื”ื•ื ืžื–ืžื™ืŸ ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ืกื‘ื™ื‘ "ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืžืจื›ื–ื™, ื›ืžื• ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืื• ืขื•ื’ืช ื—ืžืกื” ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ื•ืœื”ืงื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช, ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก, ืžืจื ื’ื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื•ืžืžืชืงื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“. ื”ื ื” ืกืงื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืื—ืช:

ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืขืฉื™ืจ ืฉืกื•ื—ืฃ ื›ืœ ืงื”ืœ

ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืคืชื™ื—ื” ื ื”ื“ืจืช: ื”ื ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช. ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืื•ืชื ื‘ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœืง โ€“ ื—ืœื‘, ืžืจื™ืจ ืื• ืœื‘ืŸ โ€“ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฉื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื ื•ื’ื˜, ืงืจืžืœ, ืื• ืงืจืืžื‘ืœ ืฉืงื“ื™ื. ืžืขืœื™ื”ื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืขื˜ืจ ืขื ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื” ืœืžืจืื” ืืงื–ื•ื˜ื™), ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืœืžื ื˜ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘ ื›ืžื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ืŸ ืœื™ืงืจ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืžื•ื–ื’ื™ื ืžืขืœ ื”ืคืจื•ืกื” ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื”. ืœื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืฉืœื˜ ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ "ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืžื—" ืื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ืฉ ืืคืงื˜ ืจื’ืฉื™ ื—ื–ืง ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื.

ืœืžื™ ื–ื” ืžืชืื™ื?

  • ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื•ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื‘ื”ืŸ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืจื›ื– ืื—ื“ ืžืจืฉื™ื ื•ืงืื“ืจ ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื™ื“.
  • ืœืžื‘ื•ื’ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืขื•ืฆืžืชื™ื™ื ื•ืจืฉื™ืžืช ืคื™ื ื•ืงื™ื ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”.
  • ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก "ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ" ื›ืฉืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืืช ื”ืงืžื— ื”ืžืชืื™ื, ืื• ื›ืฉื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ (ื›ืžื• ืžืจื ื’).

ื˜ื™ืค: ืื ื”ืงื”ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ, ืฉืœื‘ื• ื‘ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื’ื ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื ื•ื’ื ืžืจืงืžื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ืจื™ ืžืชื™ืงื•ืช (ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ ื—ืžืฆืžืฆื™ื).

ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘ ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช โ€“ ืžื—ื•ื•ืช ืื”ื‘ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื ื•ืฆื‘ืข

ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ืœื‘ ืชืžื™ื“ ืžื™ื™ืฆืจืช ืืคืงื˜ "ื•ื•ืื•". ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ื‘ื’ื ืืฉ, ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื ื™ ืขืœ ืžืฆืข ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ืคืจื™ืš. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื˜ื‘ืขื™-ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืขื ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื, ืชื•ืชื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”, ืื• ืœื–ืจื•ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื— ื•ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ืขื ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืงืฆืคื•ืช, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื. ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ืœื™ื•ื ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ, ื™ื•ื ื”ืื”ื‘ื”, ื™ื•ื ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ/ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื•ื’, ืื• ืื™ืจื•ืข ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืฉื‘ื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืฉ.

ื˜ื™ืค ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ื‘ื—ืจื• ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ืช ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื” (ืœืžืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื“-ืื“ื•ื-ืœื‘ืŸ ืื• ื–ื”ื‘-ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื—ื•ื) ื•ืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ืื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช โ€“ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื•ืฉืœื ืœืžืฉืชื” ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื

ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ื ืงื™ ื•ื ื•ื— ืœื”ื’ืฉื”. ื”ื ืžืกื•ื“ืจื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช, ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช, ื•ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ืคืก ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืคืชื”. ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ "ื‘ืจ" ืฉืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื: ืื•ืจืื• ืงืจืื ืฆ'ื™, ืคืจืจื• ืขืฉื™ืจ, ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘/ืžืจื™ืจ/ืœื‘ืŸ, ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”, ืื• ื•ืจื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ื˜ืขืžื™ ืงืคื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื– ื•ืคื™ืกื˜ื•ืง. ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืœื‘ื™ ื‘ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืขื•ื ืชื™ โ€“ ืขื ืจื•ื˜ื‘ ื•ืจื“ื™ื, ืงื•ืงื•ืก ื•ื‘ื•ื˜ื ื™ื โ€“ ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ืื• ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ.

ื˜ื™ืค ืชืคืขื•ืœื™: ืชื›ื ื ื• 2โ€“3 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื˜ืŸ, ื•-4โ€“6 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™-ื’ื“ื•ืœ. ื›ืš ืชืฉืžืจื• ืขืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืชืคื–ืจ.

ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก โ€“ ืื•ืฉืจ ืงื˜ืŸ ื‘ื™ื“ ืื—ืช

ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ื”ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉื™ืฉ ื™ืœื“ื™ื. ื”ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื, ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื•ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜: ื•ืจื˜ื™ื’ื• ืฉืœ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข, "ื–ื”ื‘-ืฉื—ื•ืจ" ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื•ื’ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื• ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ื ื™ืœ ื ืงื™ ืขื ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืคืจืจื• ืจื•ืฉื”, ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก ืื• ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื—ืžืื” ืขื ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”. ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ื’ื ืคืชืจื•ืŸ ื ืคืœื ื›ืฉืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ืชื•ืš ืขื•ื’ื” โ€“ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืœื•ืงื— ืœืขืฆืžื• ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ืœืจืงื•ื“.

  • ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื? ื‘ืงืจื• ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ .

ื˜ื™ืค ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ืฉืœื‘ื• ื’ื“ืœื™ื โ€“ ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฆื“ ืžื™ื ื™-ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก โ€“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืชื ื•ืขื” ื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ืžืžื•ืชื’ื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื” ื•ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” โ€“ ืžืฉื—ืงื™ ืžืจืงื ื•ืจื˜ืจื• ืขื ื˜ื•ื•ื™ืกื˜

ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช, ืขื ื”ื“ืคืกื™ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ืŸ ื“ืจืš ืžืฉืžื—ืช ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืื™ืฉื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”-ืฉืœื•ืฉ. ื”ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืžื™ ืฉื ืžื ืข ืžื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ. ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืžื•ืกื™ืคื” ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื•ืจื›ื•ืช ืžื‘ืคื ื™ื, ืขื ืงืจื ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื. ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” โ€“ ืื•ืชื• ืงืœืืกื™ืงื•ืŸ ืขืกื™ืกื™ โ€“ ืžืขื ื™ืงื” ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ืจื˜ืจื•-ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช ื•ื ืกืคื’ืช ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื. ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื˜ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”, ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืช "ืกื˜ ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช" ืฉืžื—ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื›ื‘ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืฆืคื• ื‘ื”ื“ื’ืžื” ืงืฆืจื” ืฉืชืžื—ื™ืฉ ืื™ืš ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืื•ื–ืŸ:

ื”ืชืืžืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืœืคื™ ืกื•ื’ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ื”ื’ื™ืœ

ื›ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืžืชื•ืง ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœืื™ืจื•ืข, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืคื™ ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’ื™ื, ืžืฉืš ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข, ื•ื”ืื ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื•ืคื” ืื• ืœืฉื‘ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.

ื™ืžื™ ื”ื•ืœื“ืช ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื

  • ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ื•ื ื™ืœ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘, ืื•ืจืื•, ื‘ื•ืื ื• ืœื‘ืŸ.
  • ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื, ืกืคืจื™ื ืงืœืก, ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช, ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ืฉืžื™ื•ืขื“ ืœื’ื™ืœ (1, 2, 3).
  • ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ: ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื, ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ืช, ื•ืงืฆืช ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื—ืชื•ื›ื™ื ืœืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.

ื˜ื™ืค: ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืขื ืฉื ื”ื™ืœื“/ื” ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก โ€“ ืžื–ื›ืจืช ืงื˜ื ื” ื•ื ืขื™ืžื”.

ื‘ืช/ื‘ืจ ืžืฆื•ื•ื”

  • ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืคืจืจื•, ืงืคื” ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื–.
  • ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ืžืฉื•ืœื‘ ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช-ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืขื•ื“ื ื™ื.
  • ืืœืžื ื˜ ืžืจื›ื–ื™: ืขื•ื’ืช ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืขื ืฉืœื˜ ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืื• ืขื•ื’ืช ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™.

ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ืจื•ื•ืงื•ืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืœื›ืœื”

  • ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื—ืžืกื” ืขื ื“ืฃ ืกื•ื›ืจ ื•ื‘ืจื›ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช โ€“ ืกืžืœื™ื•ืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื.
  • ืฆื‘ืขื™ื: ื•ืจื•ื“-ืœื‘ืŸ-ื–ื”ื‘, ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืงื˜ื ื™ื.
  • ืชื•ืกืคื•ืช: "ืฉืœื˜" ืงื˜ืŸ ืขื ืžืฉืคื˜ ืžื—ื•ื™ืš, ืื• ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื•ื ื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ื•ืœื”ืจืžืช ื›ื•ืกื™ืช ืžืชื•ืงื”.

ืคืชื™ื—ืช ืขืกืง/ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช

  • ื—ืžืกื” ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ืช ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžื•ืชืืžืช, ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ืช, ืžืจืื” ื ืงื™.
  • ืคื•ืจืžื˜: ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื™ืคื” ื ืกื™ืขื” ื•ืงืœ ืœืคืจื™ืกื” ื‘ืžืฉืจื“.
  • ืžืกืจ: ื”ืงื“ืฉื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ืœืงื™ื ื•ื— ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื—ื•ืฉืช ื”ืชื—ืœื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.

ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘ืจ

  • ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ, ืคืจืจื•, ืงืจืžืœ ืžืœื•ื—, ืงืจืื ืฅ' ืื’ื•ื–ื™ ืœื•ื–.
  • ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘: ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ื–ื”ื‘-ื—ื•ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ื’ื™ื‘ืกื ื™ื•ืช ื“ืงื•ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
  • ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ื“ื”, ืžืจืื” "ื ืงื™ ืื‘ืœ ืขืฉื™ืจ".

ืžืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ื’ืŸ ื•ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ

  • ืขื•ื’ืช ื’ืŸ ืขื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืชื•ืื ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื•ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ื™ื.
  • ื˜ื™ืค: ืชื’ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืขื ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืขืœ ืืœืจื’ื ื™ื ืขื™ืงืจื™ื™ื.

ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื ื”

  • ืื‘ื™ื‘-ืงื™ืฅ: ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื (ืžื ื’ื•, ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื”, ืชื•ืชื™ื), ืžื•ืกื™ื ืงืœื™ืœื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”.
  • ืกืชื™ื•-ื—ื•ืจืฃ: ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขืžื•ืง, ื˜ื•ืคื™, ืงืคื”, ืกื‘ืจื™ื ื” ืจื›ื”, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื– ื—ืžื™ืžื™ื.

ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช ื—ื›ืžื•ืช: ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘ ื•ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™

ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉืžื— ืืช ื›ื•ืœื. ืœื›ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื›ืœื•ืœ ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ืœืฆืจื›ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื:

  • ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ: ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื”ืžื•ืชืื ื›ื‘ืกื™ืก ื ื”ื“ืจ, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉืžืจืืฉ ืื™ื ื ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืงืžื— (ืื• ืžื›ื™ืœื™ื ืชื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื).
  • ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘: ืžื•ืกื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ ืžืœื‘ื™, ืงืจืžื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ื ืฉืงื“ื™ื/ืงื•ืงื•ืก.
  • ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™: ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืžืœื‘ื™ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื, ืงืจืžื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงื•ืงื•ืก, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ืจื™ื™ื, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืžืจื ื’ ื˜ื‘ืขื•ื ื™ ื›ืฉืืคืฉืจ.

ื˜ื™ืค: ืฉืœื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืชืื™ื ืœื”ื.

ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ื‘ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื”, ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื”ืชืจืฉื ืž-.

ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื”ืชืืžื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช: ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื”ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืงื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ืื™ืฉื™

ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืงื˜ื’ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ื˜ืžื•ืŸ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื:

  • ืฆื•ืจื•ืช: ืœื‘ (ืื”ื‘ื”, ื™ืžื™ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ), ื—ืžืกื” (ื‘ืจื›ื”), ืžืกืคืจื™ื/ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืœืฉื ื”ื—ื•ื’ื’/ืช.
  • ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื: ื“ืคื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ ืขื ืชืžื•ื ื”/ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ื”ืงื“ืฉื”, ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ื—ืžืื” ืขื ื”ื˜ื‘ืขื”.
  • ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ื˜ืงืกื˜ื•ืจื•ืช: ืงืจื ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื” ื—ืœืง ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ "ืจื‘ ื’ืœื™ื™ื", ื’ื ืืฉ ืžื‘ืจื™ืง ืœืขื•ืžืช ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ "ื“ืจื™ืค".
  • ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื”: ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืชื•ืชื™ื, ื“ื•ื‘ื“ื‘ื ื™ ืืžืจื ื”, ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื”, ืžื ื’ื• โ€“ ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื•ืฆื‘ืข.
  • ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’: ืขื“ื™ื ื•ืช, ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ื•ืช ื•ืชื—ื•ืฉืช "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื—ืชื•ื ื”" ื’ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช.
ื˜ื™ืค ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ื‘ื—ืจื• ืฉื ื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื (ืœืžืฉืœ ื–ื”ื‘-ืœื‘ืŸ, ืคืจื—ื™ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’) ื•ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ืื•ืชื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืœืฉืคื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืื—ื™ื“ื”.

ื’ื“ืœื™ื, ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื’ืฉื”: ืื™ืš ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ?

ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืžืคืชื—, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื›ืฉืžืืจื—ื™ื ืงื”ืœ ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ:

  • ืื™ืจื•ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ 8โ€“12 ืื ืฉื™ื: ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ืช (ืœื‘/ื—ืžืกื”/ืกืคืจื•ืช) + 10โ€“12 ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžืฉื ื™ ื˜ืขืžื™ื + ืžื’ืฉ ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ืงื˜ืŸ.
  • ืื™ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ 20โ€“35 ืื ืฉื™ื: ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื•ื ื™ื•ืช + 30โ€“50 ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช (4โ€“5 ื˜ืขืžื™ื) + 12โ€“16 ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก + ืชื•ืกืคืช ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื/ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”.
  • ืื™ืจื•ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ 50+ ืื ืฉื™ื: "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื™ื" ืžืœื โ€“ ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช, 60โ€“100 ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช (6 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืžืขืœื”), 24โ€“36 ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก, ืžื’ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืžืจื ื’ื™ื/ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ ืคื™ืจื•ืช.

ื›ืœืœื™ ืืฆื‘ืข:

  • ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ืคื— 90โ€“120 ืž"ืœ. ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืข ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ืฉืงืœื• ื ืคื—ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ื˜ืขื™ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื ื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืžืขื˜ ืžื ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช.
  • ืฉืœื‘ื• ืงื™ื ื•ื— ืื—ื“ "ืจืขื ืŸ" (ืคื™ืจื•ืช/ืžืœื‘ื™) ืœืฆื“ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื "ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ื™ื" ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ.

ื”ื’ืฉื”:

  • ืฉืžืจื• ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืงืจื ื‘ื˜ืžืคืจื˜ื•ืจืช ืงื™ืจื•ืจ 4โ€“6ยฐC ืขื“ ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื’ืฉื”.
  • ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืขื ืฆื™ืคื•ื™ ื’ื ืืฉ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื™ืฆื™ื‘ ืฉื•ืจื“ื•ืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘; ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืœืœื—ื•ืช โ€“ ื”ื’ื™ืฉื• ืกืžื•ืš ืœื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข.
  • ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” (ืกื˜ื ื“) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื” ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช, ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื‘ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.

ืชืงืฆื™ื‘ ื•ืชืžื—ื•ืจ: ืžื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ืขืœื•ืช ื•ืื™ืš ืžืชื›ื ื ื™ื ื—ื›ื

ืชืžื—ื•ืจ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื›ืžื” ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื:

  1. ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื•ืžืกืคืจ ื”ืžื ื•ืช โ€“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื™ื ืขืœื•ืช.
  2. ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื โ€“ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™, ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื”, ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืคืจื™ืžื™ื•ื (ืื•ื›ืžื ื™ื•ืช, ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื”) ื•ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื—ื™ืจ.
  3. ืจืžืช ื’ื™ืžื•ืจ ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ โ€“ ื“ืคื™ ืกื•ื›ืจ, ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“, ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘, ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื•ืช (ืœื‘/ื—ืžืกื”), ื•ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื.
  4. ื”ืชืืžื•ืช ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ืœืขืชื™ื ื™ื“ืจืฉื• ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื’ืœื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื.
  5. ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” โ€“ ืขื•ื ืช ื”ืฉื ื” (ื—ื•ื/ืงื•ืจ), ืžืจื—ืง ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”, ื•ืืจื™ื–ื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช.

ืื™ืš ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืœื™ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื”:

  • ื‘ื—ืจื• "ืืœืžื ื˜ ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจ" ืื—ื“ (ืœืžืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืžืคื•ืืจืช) ื•ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
  • ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื• ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ื”ืจื‘ื” "ืจืขืฉ" ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ ื‘ืœื™ ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืื™ื ืกื•ืฃ ืกื•ื’ื™ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ื™ื.
  • ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืžืจืืฉ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืžืฆื ืขืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
  • ื ืฆืœื• ืืช ื›ื•ื—ื ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืขื•ื ื” โ€“ ื™ืคื™ื, ื˜ืขื™ืžื™ื ื•ื—ืกื›ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.

ืœื•ื’ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ื—ื›ืžื”: ื”ื–ืžื ื”, ืื—ืกื•ืŸ ื•ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”

  • ืžืชื™ ืžื–ืžื™ื ื™ื? ืœืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื โ€“ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื-ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืจืืฉ. ืœืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ืช ืื• ืžืืจื– ืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ ื›ืžื” ื™ืžื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืงื™ื, ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ืขื•ื ื•ืช ืจื’ื•ืขื•ืช.
  • ืื—ืกื•ืŸ: ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ืงืจื ื•ืฉืžื ืช ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืจ; ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœื™ ืื˜ื•ื ื™ื‘ืฉ; ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืกืžื•ืš ืœื”ื’ืฉื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช.
  • ื”ื•ื‘ืœื”: ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ื•ืžืื•ื–ื ื•ืช, ืžืฉื˜ื—ื™ื ืžื•ื ืขื™ ื”ื—ืœืงื”, ื”ื™ืžื ืขื•ืช ืžื—ื•ื ื™ืฉื™ืจ. ื‘ื—ื•ื ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ โ€“ ืฉืงืœื• ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ืขื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ.
  • ืžื™ืชื•ื’ ื•ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช: ืฆื™ื™ื ื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื•ืืœืจื’ื ื™ื (ืื’ื•ื–ื™ื, ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ, ื—ืœื‘) ืœื™ื“ ื›ืœ ืžื’ืฉ โ€“ ื—ื•ืกืš ืฉืืœื•ืช ื•ืžืืคืฉืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื•ื“ืขืช.
  • ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืฉื”: ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืžื”ืžืงืจืจ 15โ€“25 ื“ืงื•ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื”ื”ื’ืฉื” (ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื) ื›ื“ื™ ืœืืคืฉืจ ืœื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœื”ื™ืคืชื—.

ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื•ื˜ืขืžื™ื: ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ "ืฉืœื›ื"

ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืกืคืจ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ:

  • ืฉื—ื•ืจ-ืœื‘ืŸ: ืื•ืจืื•, ื“ืจื™ืค ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ, ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืœื‘ื ื•ืช โ€“ ืงืœืืกื™ืงื” ื’ืจืคื™ืช.
  • ื–ื”ื‘-ื—ื•ื: ืคืจืจื•, ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™ื–, ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืื’ื•ื–ื™ ืœื•ื–, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื โ€“ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื™ื•ืงืจืชื™ืช.
  • ื•ืจื•ื“-ืื“ื•ื: ืชื•ืชื™ื, ืœื‘ื‘ื•ืช ืžืจื ื’, ืคืจื—ื™ื ืื›ื™ืœื™ื โ€“ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืจืขื ื ืช.
  • ื˜ืจื•ืคื™: ืžื ื’ื•, ืคืกื™ืคืœื•ืจื”, ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื”, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ โ€“ ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื—ืžื™ื ืœืงื™ืฅ.

ื˜ืจื ื“ ืื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืžื™ "ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก" โ€“ ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ืงืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืงืจืื ืฅ' ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช, ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ื•ืขื•ื’ื•ืช "ืžืฉื•ื’ืขื•ืช". ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื–ื”, ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฆื™ืฅ ื‘-.

ื˜ื™ืค ื—ืฉื•ื‘: ืงื‘ืขื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืขื•ื’ื ื™ื โ€“ ืคืœื˜ืช ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ, ื•ืืœืžื ื˜ ืงื™ืฉื•ื˜ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ โ€“ ื•ื›ืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ืชื–ืจื•ื ืžืฉื ื‘ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”.

ื˜ืขื•ื™ื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืฉื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื”ืŸ

  • ืขื•ืžืก ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ ืžื“ื™ ืฉืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืš โ€“ ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘.
  • ื”ื–ืžื ืช ืขื•ื’ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืžื“ื™ ืœืงื”ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ โ€“ ื—ื‘ืœ ืขืœ ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื–; ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช.
  • ื—ื•ืกืจ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืชื•ืง ืœืจืขื ืŸ โ€“ ืฉืœื‘ื• ืชืžื™ื“ ืคืจื™/ืงืจื ืงืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื“ื—ื•ืก.
  • ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžืฆืจื›ื™ื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ื™ื โ€“ ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ/ืœืœื ืžื•ืฆืจื™ ื—ืœื‘.
  • ืฉืžื™ืจื” ืœืงื•ื™ื” โ€“ ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ืกื•ืคื—ื™ื ืœื—ื•ืช, ืงืจืžื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืงื™ืจื•ืจ; ื”ืงืคื™ื“ื• ืขืœ ืชื ืื™ื.
  • ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื•ืช ืžืคื•ื–ืจืช โ€“ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืื—ื“ ื•ื”ื™ืฆืžื“ื• ืืœื™ื•.

ืฉืืœื•ืช ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช

ืฉ: ืื™ืš ืื“ืข ืื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืื• ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžืจื›ื–?

ืช: ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจื”. ืœื‘ โ€“ ืจื•ืžื ื˜ื™ ื•ืื™ืฉื™; ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื โ€“ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื™ ื•ืฉื•ืคืข. ืืคืฉืจ ื’ื ืœืฉืœื‘: ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืœื‘ + ืžื’ืฉ ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืงืœืืกื™.

ืฉ: ื›ืžื” ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืœื”ื–ืžื™ืŸ ืœ-30 ืื•ืจื—ื™ื?

ืช: ืœืจื•ื‘ ืžื•ืžืœืฅ 1.2โ€“1.5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื“ื, ืชืœื•ื™ ืื ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช. ื›ืœื•ืžืจ 36โ€“45 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช, 4โ€“5 ื˜ืขืžื™ื.

ืฉ: ืื™ืœื• ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืงื”ืœ ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ื‘ื’ื™ืœืื™ 6โ€“60?

ืช: ืฉืœื‘ื• ื•ื ื™ืœ-ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื”, ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื—ืœื‘, ื˜ืขื "ืขื•ื’ื™ื™ื”" (ืื•ืจืื•/ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™), ื•ื˜ืขื ืจืขื ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื• ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”-ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ. ื›ืš ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื•ืฆื ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ื”ื‘.

ืฉ: ืื™ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ื™ืคื™ื ืขื“ ืจื’ืข ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื?

ืช: ืงื™ืจื•ืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ื•ื‘ืœื” ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ืกืคืช ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื ื™ื (ื›ืžื• ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื™ื) ื‘ืžืงื•ื โ€“ ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฆื™ืœื•ื.

ืฉ: ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื ื™ืฉ ืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืขื ืจื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ?

ืช: ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื•ืคืฆื™ื•ืช ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื™ื•ืช: ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืžื•ืชืื, ืžืจื ื’ื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”, ื•ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ.

ืฉ: ื”ืื ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ื˜ืขื ืื—ื“ (ืœืžืฉืœ "ืœื•ื˜ื•ืก") ืื• ืœืขืจื‘ื‘?

ืช: ืืคืฉืจ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื•ืœืชืช ืœื• "ื”ื“" ื‘ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ืืš ืœืฉืœื‘ ืœืฆื“ื• ืขื•ื“ 2โ€“3 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืžืฉืœื™ืžื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืจื—ื‘.

ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื”ืขืžืงื” ื‘ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื

  • ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ื‘ืœื’ื™: ื ื•ืชืŸ ืขื•ืžืง, ืžืจื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื ื” ื•ืžืจืงื ืงื˜ื™ืคืชื™ ื‘ื’ื ืืฉ. ืžืชืื™ื ืœื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ "ื“ืจื™ืค" ืžืขืœ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื•ืœื‘ืกื™ืกื™ ืžื•ืกื™ื ืขืฉื™ืจื™ื.
  • ืžืกืงืจืคื•ื ื”: ืงืจืžื™ ื•ืžืื•ื–ืŸ, ืžืงื‘ืœ ื™ืคื” ื˜ืขืžื™ ื•ื ื™ืœ ืื• ืงืคื”, ื•ืžืชืื™ื ืœื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืื• ืœืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื”.
  • ื’ื‘ื™ื ื”-ืœื™ืžื•ืŸ ืขื ืคื™ืจื•ืจื™ื: ืžืกืคืง ืืช ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”"ื—ืžื•ืฅ-ืžืชื•ืง" ืฉืžืื–ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืขืฉื™ืจ ื‘ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“.
  • ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืœื˜ืจื”-ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื: ืคื™ื˜ืื™ื”, ืžื ื’ื•, ืชื•ืชื™ื โ€“ ื’ื ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื•ื’ื ืจืขื ื ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืก.
  • ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’: ืคืจื™ื›ื•ืช ืงืœื™ืœื”, ืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืชื’ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืœืงืฉืจ ืœื ื•ืฉื ื”ืžืกื™ื‘ื”.
  • ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื: ื ื•ืคืš ืฆืจืคืชื™ ืงื˜ืŸ, ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจ ืขืœ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื•ืขื•ื’ื•ืช ืœื‘.

ืœืžื™ ืฉืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช, ื›ื“ืื™ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘- ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื–ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“/ืงืจืžืœ/ืคื™ืจื•ืช.

ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ืžืœืฆื™ื ืœืคื™ ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—

  • "ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™ืช": ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืขื ื’ื ืืฉ ืขืžื•ืง, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืคืจืจื•/ืงื™ื ื“ืจ, ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืขื ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื•ื ื™ืœ ื•ื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื’ ืงืจืžืœ.
  • "ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืื‘ื™ื‘ื™": ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืขื ืงืจื ื’ื‘ื™ื ื” ืœื™ืžื•ื ื™ ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืช ืื“ื•ืžื™ื, ืคื‘ืœื•ื‘ื” ืื™ืฉื™ืช, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืžื ื’ื•-ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ื•ื ื™ืœ-ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.
  • "ืžืกื™ื‘ืช ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ื”": ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช, ืžื™ื ื™-ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืฆื‘ืขื•ื ื™ื™ื, ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžื•ืก ืขื“ื™ืŸ, ืขื•ื’ื” ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืขื ื›ื™ืชื•ื‘ ื’ื™ืœ.
  • "ืกื˜ ืืœื’ื ื˜": ื—ืžืกื” ืขื ื‘ืจื›ื”, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืงืคื”-ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ ืžืจื™ืจ-ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื™, ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื ื–ื”ื•ื‘ื™ื, ื ื’ื™ืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืช ื™ืขืจ.

ืœืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ ืงืจืžืœื™ื•ืช ื•ื ื’ื™ืขืช ืงืจืื ืฅ', ื”ืฉืจืื” ื ื•ืกืคืช ืžื—ื›ื” ื‘ืขืžื•ื“ .

ื‘ื—ื™ืจืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื•ื”ืฉืœืžืชื• ื‘ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื

ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืžืจื›ื– ืื—ื“ ื‘ืขืœ ื ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช โ€“ "ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื”ืžืขื•ืฆื‘" ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื•ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื• "ืœื•ื•ื™ื”" ืฉืœ ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื:

  • ืžืจื›ื–: ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘/ื—ืžืกื”/ืกืคืจื” ื“ื•-ืกืคืจืชื™ืช ืขื ืฉืคื” ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืจื•ืจื” (ืฆื‘ืขื™ื, ื–ื™ืœื•ืฃ, ืคื™ืจื•ืช).
  • ืžืขื˜ืคืช: 2โ€“4 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช, ืžื’ืฉ ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก/ืžืจื ื’ื™ื, ื•ืชื•ืกืคืช "ืงืจืื ืฅ'" โ€“ ื›ืžื• ืฉื‘ืจื™ ืขื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืื• ืžืงืจื•ื ื™ื.
  • ื’ื•ื‘ื”: ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืขืœ ืกื˜ื ื“, ื•ืืช ืฉืืจ ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืจื’ื•ืช; ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืงื•ืคืกืื•ืช ืžื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื“ ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืžืคืœืกื™ื.

ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ืจืš ืœืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื: ืžืื™ืคื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืชืคืจื™ื˜ ืžืชื•ืง?

  1. ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ืืช ืื•ืคื™ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข: ืžืฉืคื—ืชื™ ื•ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืื• ืžืกื™ื‘ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”?
  2. ื‘ื—ืจื• ืงื•ื ืกืคื˜ ืฆื‘ืข/ื˜ืขื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ.
  3. ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื– ืื—ื“ (ืขื•ื’ื”/ื‘ืจืื•ื ื™ื– ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื).
  4. ื‘ื—ืจื• 2โ€“3 ื˜ืขืžื™ื ืœืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช โ€“ ืื—ื“ ืฉื•ืงื•ืœื“ื™, ืื—ื“ ืงืจืžื™-ืงืœื™ืœ, ื•ืื—ื“ ืคื™ืจื•ืชื™.
  5. ื”ื•ืกื™ืคื• ืืœืžื ื˜ "ื›ื™ืฃ": ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืžืขื•ืฆื‘ื™ื ืื• ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืช ืžืจื ื’ ืžืžื•ืชื’ื•ืช ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื.
  6. ื•ื“ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ืคืฆื™ื” ืื—ืช ืœืœื ื’ืœื•ื˜ืŸ ื•ืœืื—ืช ืžื”ืืœืจื’ื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช.
  7. ืชื›ื ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื™ื•ืช: 1.2โ€“1.5 ื™ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืœืื“ื, ื•ืขื•ื“ ืคืจื•ืกืช ืขื•ื’ื” ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ "ื—ืชื™ื›ื” ืžื”ืžืจื›ื–".

ืื ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื”ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื• ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื, ืงื‘ืœื• ื”ืฉืจืื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืžื”ืขืžื•ื“ ื•ืฉืงืœื• ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื ืขื ืœืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื™ื.

ืกื™ื›ื•ื: ื›ืฉื”ืžืชื•ืง ืžืกืคืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืจื•ืข

ื”ืžืชื•ืง ืฉืžืกื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืจื‘ ื”ื•ื ืœื "ืกืชื ืงื™ื ื•ื—" โ€“ ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ. ื›ืฉื”ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื˜ืขืžื™ื, ืžืจืงืžื™ื, ืฆื‘ืข ื•ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ืžื“ื•ื™ืง โ€“ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ืžื• ื—ื’ื™ื’ื” ืฉืœืžื”: ืขื•ื’ืช ืœื‘ ืฉืžืชืจื’ืžืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืœื‘ื™ืก, ื—ืžืกื” ืฉืžื–ืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืจื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”, ืงื™ื ื•ื—ื™ ื›ื•ืกื•ืช ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ืงืืคืงื™ื™ืงืก ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื, ื•ืžืจื ื’ื™ื ืฉืžื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ืœื“ื•ืช ืœืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช. ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื™ื—ื“ ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืจื’ืข ืงื˜ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ โ€“ ื›ื–ื” ืฉื ืฉืืจ ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช, ื‘ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ, ื•ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ื‘ืœื‘.

ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื ื•ื— ื‘ืืจื•ื—ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืžืขื’ืœ ื‘ื˜ืขื ื˜ื•ื‘, ืœื”ื“ื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืžื™ ืฉื—ื•ื’ื’, ื•ืœืชืช ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื ืื•ืช ืงื˜ืŸ ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘. ืขื ืชื›ื ื•ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื”ืชืืžื” ืœืื™ืจื•ืข ื•ืœืงื”ืœ, ื•ืงื•ืจื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช โ€“ ื›ืœ ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ืžืชื•ืงื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฉื›ื•ื—.